Effect of Short-Term Pretrial Practice on Surgical Proficiency in Simulated Environments: A Randomized Trial of the “Preoperative Warm-Up” Effect

Background

Surgery is a skill-driven discipline. While other high-stake professions with comparable cognitive and psychomotor skill requirements often use warm-up exercises for achieving better proficiency, the effects of such practice have not been investigated sufficiently in surgical tasks.

Design

Subjects performed standardized exercises as a preoperative warm-up, after which the standardized exercises were repeated in a randomized order. In a variation to investigate the generalizability of preoperative warm-up, the experimental group was allowed to warm-up with the standardized exercises, after which a different task (electrocautery simulation) was performed. To investigate the effect of warm-up on fatigue, participants were involved in eight sessions (four before night call, four after night call), after which the tasks were repeated. Results were analyzed using ANOVA to plot differences between warm-up and followup condition.

Results

All outcomes measures demonstrated statistically significant improvements after all of the post−warm-up exercises (p < 0.01), and were seen in all groups with differing experience levels. In addition, the simple warm-up exercises led to a significant increase in proficiency in followup electrocautery task for the experimental group when compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). There was also significant improvement in performance of the fatigued group to approximately baseline performance (p < 0.05), although they were not able to reach their optimal potential performance.

Conclusion

Preoperative warm-up for 15 to 20 minutes with simple surgical exercises leads to a substantial increase in surgical skills proficiency during followup tasks.